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<title>Homomorphismus</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homomorphismus</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Homomorphismus</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">ὁμός</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937631">
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</style><span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">homós</span> „gleich“ und <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek">μορφή</span> <span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">morphé</span> „Form, Gestalt“; nicht zu verwechseln mit <a href="Hom%C3%B6omorphismus" title="Homöomorphismus">Homöomorphismus</a>) werden in der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> <a href="Abbildung_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbildung (Mathematik)">Abbildungen</a> bezeichnet, die eine (oft algebraische) <a href="Mathematische_Struktur" title="Mathematische Struktur">mathematische Struktur</a> erhalten bzw. damit <a href="Vertr%C3%A4glichkeit_(Mathematik)" title="Verträglichkeit (Mathematik)">verträglich</a> (strukturtreu) sind. Ein Homomorphismus bildet die Elemente aus der einen <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Menge</a> so in die andere Menge ab, dass sich ihre Bilder dort hinsichtlich der Struktur ebenso verhalten, wie sich deren <a href="Urbild_(Mathematik)" title="Urbild (Mathematik)">Urbilder</a> in der Struktur der Ausgangsmenge verhalten.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homomorphismen_algebraischer_Strukturen">Homomorphismen algebraischer Strukturen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Es seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(f_{i})_{i\in I})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(f_{i})_{i\in I})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17498a48f491772c44c0ef13e5d79cf53333e0c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.177ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(f_{i})_{i\in I})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(g_{i})_{i\in I})}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(g_{i})_{i\in I})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb6adca310d6ec3088a49a58b122b7ad6d70f3b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.161ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(g_{i})_{i\in I})}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei <a href="Algebraische_Struktur" title="Algebraische Struktur">algebraische Strukturen</a> vom gleichen Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =(m_{i})_{i\in I},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =(m_{i})_{i\in I},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5de6594c59fecdbf0ca42107f8d58de2aca81c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.449ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =(m_{i})_{i\in I},}" loading="lazy"></span> so dass für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f97cfb016181c5cc5f46755d237781576eec8e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.413ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}\in \mathbb {N} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die (übereinstimmende) <a href="Stelligkeit" title="Stelligkeit">Stelligkeit</a> der fundamentalen <a href="Verkn%C3%BCpfung_(Mathematik)" title="Verknüpfung (Mathematik)">Operationen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65da883ca3d16b461e46c94777b0d9c4aa010e79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ce36142a0a1c6660e82bdf3ef3f1551317efe0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.909ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61676cfcb7acc6bc6d6f13a228ffaaf0a879e8c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.675ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>Homomorphismus</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a8b5a6d1dbadead8b1dc48719c888e6cac5f861.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda33605dc0d978c8f490b7aa4cfd51b35654816.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}" loading="lazy"></span> wenn für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> und für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d24776b797f81c41d4223070c7fd26311bc2d72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.576ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}))=g_{i}(\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{m_{i}}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}))=g_{i}(\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{m_{i}}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02de7849ba15b65925035a6bb37ebe37a7147119.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.537ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}}))=g_{i}(\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{m_{i}}))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h3></div>
<p>Klassisches Beispiel von Homomorphismen sind Homomorphismen zwischen <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppen</a>. Gegeben seien zwei Gruppen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G,*)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G,*)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e54a87abf331634c8962ef14c4c5ec41f94fd29c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.832ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G,*)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (H,\star ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (H,\star ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a30bb69c2c6696a98a64c8562b0fa6d018e59a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.716ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (H,\star ).}" loading="lazy"></span> Eine Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdbc9c98786f3c9adb53d5ea6c3b25cd461746f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt Gruppenhomomorphismus, wenn für alle Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{1},g_{2}\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{1},g_{2}\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fed2caced34a1a8d895166a3a67a011c3351ef6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.028ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{1},g_{2}\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*g_{2})=\phi (g_{1})\star \phi (g_{2}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*g_{2})=\phi (g_{1})\star \phi (g_{2}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8d79dbe7d37dfc23976934e5b2faf636f92bcd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.372ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*g_{2})=\phi (g_{1})\star \phi (g_{2}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus dieser Bedingung folgt unmittelbar, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (e_{G})=e_{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (e_{G})=e_{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a93f4221b753d5a92f483102752d36b0aaaa6bc3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.676ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (e_{G})=e_{H}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die <a href="Neutrales_Element" title="Neutrales Element">neutralen Elemente</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{G}\in G,e_{H}\in H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{G}\in G,e_{H}\in H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d5acd3d158b547cfdc81e19584de52916d4cd36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.988ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{G}\in G,e_{H}\in H}" loading="lazy"></span> und dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (g^{-1})=\phi (g)^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (g^{-1})=\phi (g)^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f75d8499e2ca7083681cbc942daa0c846b9f381.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.388ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (g^{-1})=\phi (g)^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten muss sowie, mittels <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Induktion" title="Vollständige Induktion">vollständiger Induktion</a>, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*\ldots *g_{n})=\phi (g_{1})\star \ldots \star \phi (g_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*\ldots *g_{n})=\phi (g_{1})\star \ldots \star \phi (g_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3135a175d8ceb020dc24e1d04bb89ea1b602585e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.89ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (g_{1}*\ldots *g_{n})=\phi (g_{1})\star \ldots \star \phi (g_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für eine beliebige endliche Anzahl von Faktoren gilt.
</p><p>An diesem Beispiel orientieren sich die Definitionen der Homomorphismen verschiedener algebraischer Strukturen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Gruppenhomomorphismus" title="Gruppenhomomorphismus">Gruppenhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Ringhomomorphismus" title="Ringhomomorphismus">Ringhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="K%C3%B6rperhomomorphismus" title="Körperhomomorphismus">Körperhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li>Vektorraumhomomorphismus (<a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">Lineare Abbildung</a>)</li>
<li>Auswertungshomomorphismus der <a href="Termalgebra" title="Termalgebra">Termalgebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Modulhomomorphismus" title="Modulhomomorphismus">Modulhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Algebra_(Struktur)#Algebrenhomomorphismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebra (Struktur)">Algebrenhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Lie-Algebren-Homomorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie-Algebren-Homomorphismus">Lie-Algebren-Homomorphismus</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Wir formulieren im Folgenden einige grundlegende Eigenschaften von Homomorphismen von Gruppen, die analog auch für die Homomorphismen der anderen algebraischen Strukturen gelten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komposition_von_Homomorphismen">Komposition von Homomorphismen</h4></div>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdbc9c98786f3c9adb53d5ea6c3b25cd461746f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi \colon H\to J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \colon H\to J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f5fea292aebe4ff58f44a256b5f531e1270261b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.696ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \colon H\to J}" loading="lazy"></span> Homomorphismen sind, dann ist auch die durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\psi \circ \phi )(g):=\psi (\phi (g))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\psi \circ \phi )(g):=\psi (\phi (g))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/623163a64cfcf26193b886fe46619c6080acf284.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.206ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\psi \circ \phi )(g):=\psi (\phi (g))}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definierte Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi \circ \phi \colon G\to J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \circ \phi \colon G\to J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1da84196284eb7449feba3a9a3efa7d491f223b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.039ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \circ \phi \colon G\to J}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Untergruppen,_Bild,_Urbild,_Kern"><span id="Untergruppen.2C_Bild.2C_Urbild.2C_Kern"></span>Untergruppen, Bild, Urbild, Kern</h4></div>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdbc9c98786f3c9adb53d5ea6c3b25cd461746f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus ist, dann ist für jede <a href="Untergruppe" title="Untergruppe">Untergruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\subseteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\subseteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22932b2a2e0312a5c160ddd749762e825d9bb081.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.708ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\subseteq G}" loading="lazy"></span> auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (U):=\left\{\phi (g)\mid g\in U\right\},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (U):=\left\{\phi (g)\mid g\in U\right\},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/904ab8cfa26e8fa59a65d0845bc09a8d4a76920a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (U):=\left\{\phi (g)\mid g\in U\right\},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>genannt das <a href="Bild_(Mathematik)" title="Bild (Mathematik)"><i>Bild</i></a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> unter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span>, eine Untergruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Speziell wird die Untergruppe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi ):=\phi (G)\subseteq H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Bild</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi ):=\phi (G)\subseteq H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f2f6136daf03321e08f84464b677ef71f50ced4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.355ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi ):=\phi (G)\subseteq H}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als <i>Bild</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Weiterhin ist für jede Untergruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\subseteq H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\subseteq H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/183358eadafb771ef78f682bfa4feeb4b692f9fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.949ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\subseteq H}" loading="lazy"></span> auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}[V]:=\phi ^{-1}(V):=\left\{g\in G\mid \phi (g)\in V\right\},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}[V]:=\phi ^{-1}(V):=\left\{g\in G\mid \phi (g)\in V\right\},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d40fa55b9b157f336a37ac871ed1d114c592c8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.622ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}[V]:=\phi ^{-1}(V):=\left\{g\in G\mid \phi (g)\in V\right\},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>genannt das <a href="Urbild_(Mathematik)" title="Urbild (Mathematik)"><i>Urbild</i></a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> unter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span>, eine Untergruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Urbild der trivialen Gruppe, d.&nbsp;i. die Untergruppe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Kern} (\phi ):=\phi ^{-1}(e_{H}):=\phi ^{-1}[\{e_{H}\}]\subseteq G,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Kern</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Kern} (\phi ):=\phi ^{-1}(e_{H}):=\phi ^{-1}[\{e_{H}\}]\subseteq G,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d53a47acd83f96b71189ca7618f80c265b591d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.716ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Kern} (\phi ):=\phi ^{-1}(e_{H}):=\phi ^{-1}[\{e_{H}\}]\subseteq G,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wird als <i><a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a></i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Sie ist sogar ein <a href="Normalteiler" title="Normalteiler">Normalteiler</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isomorphismen">Isomorphismen</h4></div>
<p>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdbc9c98786f3c9adb53d5ea6c3b25cd461746f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Bijektiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijektiv">bijektiver</a> Homomorphismus ist, dann ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}\colon H\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}\colon H\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38c845b4d7139c901b154366cc8c3ed6a126f8aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.257ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}\colon H\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus. Man sagt in diesem Fall, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f1ab5cdd86f42386994c06bb082264430eb9c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.718ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> Isomorphismen sind.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homomorphiesatz"><a href="Homomorphiesatz" title="Homomorphiesatz">Homomorphiesatz</a></h4></div>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdbc9c98786f3c9adb53d5ea6c3b25cd461746f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus ist, dann induziert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> einen Isomorphismus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )\cong \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>Kern</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mi>Bild</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )\cong \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0564e4fd533682ea0ebca28fd209bfae0716e8b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.141ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )\cong \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>der <a href="Quotientengruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotientengruppe">Quotientengruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>Kern</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cac8ccd86dabb6f42099f71f77c6b9a447c8a2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.616ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/\operatorname {Kern} (\phi )}" loading="lazy"></span>
auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Bild</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4a8892ce888cc7d6b1c4fcaac4409c6a8f8f791.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.426ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Bild} (\phi )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homomorphismen_relationaler_Strukturen">Homomorphismen relationaler Strukturen</h2></div>
<p>Auch außerhalb der Algebra werden strukturerhaltende Abbildungen oft als Homomorphismen bezeichnet. Die meisten dieser Verwendungen des Begriffs Homomorphismus, einschließlich der oben aufgeführten algebraischen Strukturen, lassen sich unter der folgenden Definition subsumieren.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_2">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Es seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(R_{i}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(R_{i}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d192e1a883a5c6d8b08fb03b2cf875434efd065.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.077ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}=(A,(R_{i}))}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(S_{i}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(S_{i}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4fb65c5170b75c7dcbe5c0e70dd92494f068c80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.752ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=(B,(S_{i}))}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei <a href="Relationale_Struktur" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationale Struktur">relationale Strukturen</a> vom gleichen Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n_{i}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n_{i}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a381973ee157fc01242077f7dd3772ffebc26f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.651ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n_{i}),}" loading="lazy"></span> sodass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17cc13c5962f46501fd1d792ac09ab2fd6f2527d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.713ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Relation_(Mathematik)" title="Relation (Mathematik)">Stelligkeit der Relationen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db421291be9d0103404ced7495b363437b67b6b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.564ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de6e810a93f67802ecb603ee0e3324005c6e583e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.225ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Abbildung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61676cfcb7acc6bc6d6f13a228ffaaf0a879e8c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.675ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon A\to B}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt dann eine <i>homomorphe Abbildung</i>, eine <i>Homomorphie</i> oder ein <i>Homomorphismus</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a8b5a6d1dbadead8b1dc48719c888e6cac5f861.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda33605dc0d978c8f490b7aa4cfd51b35654816.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}},}" loading="lazy"></span> wenn sie für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> und für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}}\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}}\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/378f416b8088de6cc19183c45180cf0c09e8f2c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}}\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> die folgende <i>Verträglichkeitseigenschaft</i> besitzt:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Rightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Rightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cdaedb381791ee32c741168ec32d19b47b7902b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.079ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Rightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Schreibweise:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon {\boldsymbol {A}}\to {\boldsymbol {B}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon {\boldsymbol {A}}\to {\boldsymbol {B}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/466db7558f3e9e929156af5c67e5b2e4ebe0f5e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.847ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon {\boldsymbol {A}}\to {\boldsymbol {B}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da jede Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon A^{n}\to A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon A^{n}\to A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2bd83d39f824626e7eb4f0ce6b3244edf713ff9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.631ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon A^{n}\to A}" loading="lazy"></span> als Relation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\subset A^{n+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\subset A^{n+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd576a3dac2423246bd2ac15c2aa9166c8b2185e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.439ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\subset A^{n+1}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben werden kann, lässt sich jede algebraische Struktur als relationale Struktur auffassen und die spezielle algebraische Definition ist somit in dieser Definition enthalten.
</p><p>Hat man in obiger Definition bei einem injektiven Homomorphismus sogar die Äquivalenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Leftrightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Leftrightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c76f86fe08ce493c3c677484dd3af510a6c0b684.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.432ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n_{i}})\in R_{i}\Leftrightarrow (\varphi (a_{1}),\ldots ,\varphi (a_{n_{i}}))\in S_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>so spricht man von einem <i>starken Homomorphismus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiele_2">Beispiele</h3></div>
<ul><li>Homomorphismen algebraischer Strukturen (diese sind auch stets starke Homomorphismen)</li>
<li><a href="Ordnungshomomorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnungshomomorphismus">Ordnungshomomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Graph_(Graphentheorie)#Abbildungen_zwischen_Graphen" title="Graph (Graphentheorie)">Graphenhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li>Homomorphismen in der <a href="Inzidenzgeometrie" title="Inzidenzgeometrie">Inzidenzgeometrie</a>, zum Beispiel Homomorphismus projektiver Räume</li>
<li>Homomorphismus zwischen <a href="Modelltheorie#Grundbegriffe_der_Modelltheorie" title="Modelltheorie">Modellen</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h2></div>
<p>Auch Abbildungen, die verträglich sind mit Strukturen, die unendlichstellige Operationen besitzen, werden Homomorphismus genannt:
</p>
<ul><li>ein <a href="Verband_(Mathematik)#Homomorphismen" title="Verband (Mathematik)">vollständiger Verbandshomomorphismus</a> ist verträglich mit beliebigen (auch unendlichen) Vereinigungen und Durchschnitten</li></ul>
<p>In einigen Teilgebieten der Mathematik beinhaltet der Begriff des Homomorphismus, dass die Verträglichkeit noch weitere Zusatzstrukturen umfasst:
</p>
<ul><li>ein <a href="Topologische_Gruppe#Eigenschaften" title="Topologische Gruppe">Homomorphismus topologischer Gruppen</a> ist ein <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetiger</a> <a href="Gruppenhomomorphismus" title="Gruppenhomomorphismus">Gruppenhomomorphismus</a></li>
<li>ein <a href="Lie-Gruppen-Homomorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie-Gruppen-Homomorphismus">Lie-Gruppen-Homomorphismus</a> ist ein <a href="Glatte_Funktion" title="Glatte Funktion">glatter</a> Gruppenhomomorphismus zwischen <a href="Lie-Gruppe" title="Lie-Gruppe">Lie-Gruppen</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Der Begriff erfährt auch eine Verallgemeinerung für heterogene Algebren, siehe <a href="Heterogene_Algebra#Homomorphismen" title="Heterogene Algebra">Heterogene Algebra: Homomorphismen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Morphismus" title="Morphismus">Morphismus</a> (<a href="Kategorientheorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorientheorie</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Vertr%C3%A4glichkeit_(Mathematik)" title="Verträglichkeit (Mathematik)">Verträglichkeit (Mathematik)</a></li>
<li><a href="Epimorphismus" title="Epimorphismus">Epimorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Monomorphismus" title="Monomorphismus">Monomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Einbettung_(Mathematik)" title="Einbettung (Mathematik)">Einbettung</a></li>
<li><a href="Endomorphismus" title="Endomorphismus">Endomorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Automorphismus" title="Automorphismus">Automorphismus</a></li>
<li><a href="Subquotient" title="Subquotient">Subquotient</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Serge Lang: <i>Algebra.</i> (= <i>Graduate Texts in Mathematics.</i> 211). 3., überarb. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, New York 2002, ISBN 0-387-95385-X.</li>
<li>Nathan Jacobson: <i>Basic algebra. I.</i> 2. Auflage. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1985, ISBN 0-7167-1480-9.</li>
<li>Thomas W. Hungerford: <i>Algebra.</i> (= <i>Graduate Texts in Mathematics.</i> 73). Springer-Verlag, New York / Berlin 1980, ISBN 0-387-90518-9. (Nachdruck der Ausgabe 1974)</li>
<li><a href="Garrett_Birkhoff" title="Garrett Birkhoff">Garrett Birkhoff</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lattice Theory</cite>. 3. Auflage. AMS, Providence (RI) 1973, ISBN 0-8218-1025-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>134–136</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Garrett+Birkhoff&amp;rft.btitle=Lattice+Theory&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0821810251&amp;rft.pages=134-136&amp;rft.place=Providence+%28RI%29&amp;rft.pub=AMS" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Marcel Erné: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Ordnungstheorie</cite>. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim/Wien/Zürich 1982, ISBN 3-411-01638-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>112–113</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Marcel+Ern%C3%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Ordnungstheorie&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3411016388&amp;rft.pages=112-113&amp;rft.place=Mannheim%2FWien%2FZ%C3%BCrich&amp;rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Helmuth_Gericke" title="Helmuth Gericke">Helmuth Gericke</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Theorie der Verbände</cite>. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1963, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>55–62,&nbsp;147</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Helmuth+Gericke&amp;rft.btitle=Theorie+der+Verb%C3%A4nde&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=55-62%2C+147&amp;rft.place=Mannheim&amp;rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>George Grätzer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Universal Algebra</cite>. 2., aktualisierte Auflage. Springer, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-387-77486-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>223–224</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77487-9">10.1007/978-0-387-77487-9</a></span> (Erstausgabe: 1979).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=George+Gr%C3%A4tzer&amp;rft.btitle=Universal+Algebra&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-0-387-77487-9&amp;rft.edition=2.%2C+aktualisierte&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780387774862&amp;rft.pages=223-224&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Gunther Schmidt, Thomas Ströhlein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Relationen und Graphen</cite>. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1989, ISBN 3-540-50304-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>144–153</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Gunther+Schmidt%2C+Thomas+Str%C3%B6hlein&amp;rft.btitle=Relationen+und+Graphen&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540503048&amp;rft.pages=144-153&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg+%2F+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8. Auflage. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>: <i><a href="Moderne_Algebra" title="Moderne Algebra">Moderne Algebra</a></i>. Springer, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg / New York 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>27–30</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=27-30&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%2F+G%C3%B6ttingen+%2F+Heidelberg+%2F+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher&amp;rft.volume=Band+1%3A+Moderne+Algebra" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Heinrich Werner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die allgemeine Algebra</cite>. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1978, ISBN 3-411-00120-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>48,&nbsp;19</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Homomorphismus&amp;rft.au=Heinrich+Werner&amp;rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+allgemeine+Algebra&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3411001208&amp;rft.pages=48%2C+19&amp;rft.place=Mannheim&amp;rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homomorphismus" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Homomorphismus">Wiktionary: Homomorphismus</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise_und_Anmerkungen">Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jede <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>-stellige Operation ist eine spezielle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f7ed29a2b4a62d3b6af05cd91a58ffc6094201.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.043ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m+1}" loading="lazy"></span>-stellige homogene <a href="Relation_(Mathematik)#Eigenschaften_zweistelliger_Relationen" title="Relation (Mathematik)">Relation</a> (Funktion).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diese Definition ist mit der unten gegebenen verträglich, wenn man von einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65da883ca3d16b461e46c94777b0d9c4aa010e79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Relation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db421291be9d0103404ced7495b363437b67b6b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.564ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die durch den <a href="Funktionsgraph" title="Funktionsgraph">Funktionsgraph</a> gegeben ist, übergeht, denn dann gilt
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}})=a\Leftrightarrow (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}},a)\in R_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}})=a\Leftrightarrow (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}},a)\in R_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67c2181faeb1787944a06101f0ac128958e25d8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.152ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{i}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}})=a\Leftrightarrow (a_{1},\ldots ,a_{m_{i}},a)\in R_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
und genauso für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (B,(g_{i}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (B,(g_{i}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12dbf2f9dad25ae7c9239f06d3bddefa39cca9a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.325ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (B,(g_{i}))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Urbildfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f1ab5cdd86f42386994c06bb082264430eb9c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.718ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die auf Mengen operiert, und die inverse Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f1ab5cdd86f42386994c06bb082264430eb9c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.718ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die auf Elementen operiert, sind streng genommen 2 verschiedene Funktionen. Sind Missverständnisse zu befürchten, dann setzt man im ersteren Fall die Mengen in eckige Klammern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\;]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\;]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47e011f5d24ee27d9223816cc69be5e8a51a5a9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\;]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eine allgemeine Definition wurde im klassischen Lehrbuch <a href="Moderne_Algebra" title="Moderne Algebra">Moderne Algebra</a> angegeben: „Wenn in zwei Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f96ea04db56741bbd5dc610098968f3a7a9c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.44ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed1e6edab00ec96eebef484420f72cb50fe95916.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.934ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gewisse Relationen (wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a<b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&lt;b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91a7698e4c7401bb321f97888b872b583a9e4642.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a<b}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ab=c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ab=c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/490ee6739f42a597d4e4c7fc59d37fe9681f05ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.333ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ab=c}" loading="lazy"></span>) definiert sind und wenn jedem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f96ea04db56741bbd5dc610098968f3a7a9c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.44ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Bildelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=\varphi a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=\varphi a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be234248f4225133981227760b377592cfa83d24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.078ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=\varphi a}" loading="lazy"></span> so zugeordnet ist, daß alle Relationen zwischen Elementen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f96ea04db56741bbd5dc610098968f3a7a9c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.44ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auch für die Bildelemente gelten (so daß z.&nbsp;B. aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a<b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&lt;b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91a7698e4c7401bb321f97888b872b583a9e4642.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a<b}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}<{\bar {b}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}&lt;{\bar {b}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de7a2406d13345a540150bbe939f744361d294fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.138ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}<{\bar {b}},}" loading="lazy"></span> wenn es sich um die Relation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle <}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>&lt;</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle &lt;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33737c89a17785dacc8638b4d66db3d5c8670de1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle <}" loading="lazy"></span> handelt), so heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> eine <i>homomorphe Abbildung</i> oder ein <i>Homomorphismus</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f96ea04db56741bbd5dc610098968f3a7a9c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.44ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71ee4b03dfb91246c76f0bc0ed8e46dcf9f9a62f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.58ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}.}" loading="lazy"></span>“ (B. L. van der Waerden: <i>Algebra.</i> (= <i>Heidelberger Taschenbücher.</i> Band 12). Teil I, Siebte Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / New York 1966 (Einleitung zu Paragraph 10))</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manche Autoren (<a href="Wilhelm_Klingenberg_(Mathematiker)" title="Wilhelm Klingenberg (Mathematiker)">Wilhelm Klingenberg</a>: <i>Lineare Algebra und Geometrie.</i> Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1984, ISBN 3-540-13427-1, S. 7.; Garrett Birkhoff: <i>Lattice Theory.</i> 1973, S. 134.) nennen einen Homomorphismus auch nur kurz „Morphismus“, während andere (Fritz Reinhardt, Heinrich Sonder: <i>dtv-Atlas Mathematik.</i> Band 1: <i>Grundlagen, Algebra und Geometrie.</i> 9. Auflage. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, München 1991, ISBN 3-423-03007-0, S. 36–37.) jede strukturverträgliche Abbildung „Morphismus“ nennen und nur einen Homomorphismus von algebraischen Strukturen als „Homomorphismus“ bezeichnen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Rothmaler: <i>Einführung in die Modelltheorie.</i> Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-86025-461-8, Abschnitt 1.3 <i>Homomorphismen.</i> S. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus, Jörg Flum, Wolfgang Thomas: <i>Einführung in die mathematische Logik.</i> 3., vollst. überarb. u. erw. Auflage. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1992, ISBN 3-411-15603-1, S. 225.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeder stetige Gruppenhomomorphismus zwischen Lie-Gruppen ist glatt.</span>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160602-4">4160602-4</a></span> </div>
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